This study offers an overview of the interventions of the SpanishCommunist Party (PCE) in rural Andalusia during the 1960s and 1970s, from the party’s initial steps in the late 1950s to their mobilizations in the last years of Franco’s regime. Emphasis is placed on the evolution of Communist discourse regarding the “agrarian issue”, especially agrarian reform, the struggle for land and the way in which the party managed to get involved in the everyday life of Andalusian rural workers, who became gradually empowered to fight for their rights as workers and citizens. We believe this certainly influenced the successes of the party in the 1979 local government elections.